SAGE Reference Online

Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice

Like many scholars whose formative years were in the activist 1960s and early 1970s, we lived for many years with an uncomfortable relationship between our activism and our scholarship. These were supposed to remain separate domains: By day, we produced positivist knowledge to feed the information society; by night, we ...
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Handbook of Adoption

Adoption touches the lives of millions of Americans and is now viewed by most individuals as an estimable means of family formation (Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute, 2002). Over the past three decades, however, the nature of adoption has changed dramatically (Brooks, Simmel, Wind, & Barth, 2005). The stereotype ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Advertising

Advertising is a field that has attracted a great deal of academic attention, but to date there has been no summarizing of the state of the art of research. This far reaching and scholarly Handbook is edited by two highly respected and trusted thinkers in the field and includes contributions ...
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Encyclopedia of African American Education

We know that Africans had both formal and informal education on the African continent prior to their arrival in the Americas. The education of Africans who were forcibly brought to the Americas continued once they arrived on these shores in the 1600s. They arrived as Africans and later came to ...
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Encyclopedia of African American Society

Now and then I receive emails and letters from students requesting assistance. Most often, the request concerns some aspect of African American society. The questioners have ranged in age from those in their earliest teenage years to typical college students to mature seniors enrolled in community college during their retirement ...
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Encyclopedia of African Religion

The Encyclopedia of African Religion is the first comprehensive work to assemble ideas, concepts, discourses, and extensive essays on African religion. Over the years, there have been numerous encyclopedias on religion from other parts of the world, but African religion has often been relegated to “primitive religions,” “African mythologies,” or ...
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American Masculinities: A HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA

This is an encyclopedia about American masculinities. Its purpose is to provide a reference guide and an introduction to the many ways in which men have defined, imagined, and experienced male identity in the social, cultural, and political contexts of the United States. ...
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Encyclopedia of American Urban History

We are an urban nation and have been so, officially at least, since the early 20th century. But long before then, our cities played crucial roles in the economic and political development of the nation, as magnets for immigrants and as centers of culture and innovation. They still do. Yet, ...
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Encyclopedia of Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humankind in terms of scientific inquiry and logical presentation. It strives for a comprehensive and coherent view of our own species within dynamic nature, organic evolution, and sociocultural development. The discipline consists of five major, interrelated areas: physical/biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural/social anthropology, linguistics, and applied ...
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21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook

Since its emergence as a discipline in the middle of the 19th century, anthropology has focused on the study of humankind in terms of science and reason, as well as logical speculation. Within a comprehensive and interdisciplinary framework, anthropology aims for a better understanding of and proper appreciation for the ...
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Encyclopedia of Applied Developmental Science

Applied developmental science (ADS) seeks to advance the integration of developmental research with actions that promote positive development and/or enhance the life chances of vulnerable children, adolescents, young and old adults, and their families. There are three integrated components of ADS activity: theory/research, professional practice (i.e., the enactment of the ...
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Encyclopedia of Behavior Modification and Cognitive Behavior Therapy

The Encyclopedia of Behavior Modification and Cognitive Behavior Therapy was designed to enhance the resources available to scholars, practitioners, students, and other interested social science readers. The fact that this three-volume work is needed at this time is a testimonial to the pioneers in this field who only three or ...
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Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education

An appropriate way to open an encyclopedia of bilingual education is to define the term in brief. The simplest definition is that bilingual education is the use of two languages in the teaching of curriculum content in K-12 schools. This definition is most germane to the United States, the country ...
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Encyclopedia of Black Studies

Black Studies emerged as both an intellectual field and a critical ideology during the 1960s. It has remained close to its roots and also made a broad and deep impact on scholarship in general by creating a fundamental shift in the way scholars pursue research and view human societies: Black ...
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Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society

Commerce is by its very nature a normative enterprise. It is concerned with creating value for owners and other constituencies, ranging from the firm's immediate stakeholders, such as employees, customers, and suppliers, to the entire society within which the business operates. As a field of study, business ethics aims to ...
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Encyclopedia of Business In Today's World

Business in today's world is one of increasing diversity. Undertaking commerce even by an individual can mean working globally through a welter of new media with opportunities of all sorts rapidly appearing. The boundaries, scope, content, structures, and processes of a business activity can morph into completely different ones in ...
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Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society

Over 6 Million people around the world die from cancer each year. There is overwhelming evidence that lifestyle factors impact cancer risk and that positive, population-wide changes can significantly reduce the cancer burden. What drives the distribution of these modifiable risk factors and what slows our progress to improving the ...
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Encyclopedia of Career Development

Sweeping changes in the nature of work, shifts in the meaning of career success, the rise of global business and international careers, heightened concerns over social influences on careers, and emerging labor laws and regulations influence the ways in which individuals, organizations, and the broader society view career development. It ...
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Handbook of Career Studies

The Handbook of Career Studies brings together, for the first time in a single work, a comprehensive scholarly treatment of the major topics within the growing field of career studies. Drawing on the expertise of leading international scholars in each area of career studies, editors Hugh Gunz and Maury Peiperl ...
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Encyclopedia of Case Study Research

Case study methodology has a relatively long history within the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. In sociology, for example, there is evidence that the case study approach was being “pioneered” at the University of Chicago by 1920, as sociologists attempted to illuminate the social instance (e.g., the immigrant experience in ...
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Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the Media

It was 1904, and G. Stanley Hall, writing his magnum opus on adolescent development, was concerned about rising crime rates among American youth. He discerned a variety of causes, but one key source of the problem was the media. As Hall saw it, a young man may be induced to ...
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Handbook of Children, Culture, and Violence

Every day, 9 children are homicide victims and 20 die from firearms. Every day, nearly 8,000 children are reported as abused or neglected. Every day, over 4,000 children are arrested, 180 for violent crimes, and 367 children for drug abuse. Over 17,000 children are suspended each day from school. Every ...
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Handbook of Citizenship Studies

From women's rights, civil rights, and sexual rights for gays and lesbians to disability rights and language rights, we have experienced in the past few decades a major trend in Western nation-states towards new claims for inclusion. This trend has echoed around the world: from the Zapatistas to Chechen and ...
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Handbook of Cognition

This book aims to provide an overview of current theory and research in cognitive psychology. Of course, it is quite a challenge to capture the essence of such a large and active research area in a single volume. There is so much to be said about cognition and cognitive psychology ...
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Handbook of Cognitive Aging

Sometime in the next decade our species will reach a watershed moment. For the first time in human history, people over 60 will outnumber children. The pace with which population aging has occurred is stunning. In less than one century, scientific discoveries and technological advancements resulted in a near doubling ...
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Handbook of Collaborative Management Research

If Kurt Lewin was correct that the best way to understand something is to change it, then we ought to have a lot of opportunities to develop new understandings in our 21st-century world, with more on the way. The rate of change and the criticality of developing new knowledge about ...
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Handbook on Communicating and Disseminating Behavioral Science

Scientists have long tried, with varied success, to explain the value of their work and to help put their findings to some use. Since the World Wars, and especially since President Johnson promoted his Great Society vision for the nation, behavioral scientists in particular have tried to use science-based ...
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The Handbook of Communication Science

More than two decades have passed since publication of the Handbook of Communication Science's first edition. During this time, several handbooks addressing a variety of specific communication contexts and topical areas of communication inquiry have appeared on the communication research landscape. Given these developments, this seems to be an especially ...
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Encyclopedia of Communication Theory

Communication students frequently approach librarians seeking a source that will provide a ready summary of a particular theory or tradition. Communication scholars also occasionally need a good central reference for their teaching and research. This encyclopedia provides a one-stop source for theories and theoretical concepts and a relatively comprehensive overview ...
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21st Century Communication: A Reference Handbook

The discipline of communication has grown in popularity from the time professors of journalism and speech decided, in the mid-1960s, that the term communication was an excellent general descriptor for the theory and research that each group aspired to create. Over time, the two groups grew closer together and began ...
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Encyclopedia of Community

Community is a concept, an experience, and a central part of being human. It is a subject that touches every one of us, a subject so complex and interdisciplinary that it takes a work like this to provide the depth and breadth of information that students, scholars, information specialists, and ...
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The Handbook of Community Practice

The Handbook of Community Practice is the first volume in this field, encompassing community development, organizing, planning, and social change, and the first community practice text that provides in-depth treatment of globalization—including its impact on communities in the United States and in international development work. The Handbook is grounded in ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics

Comparative politics has firmly established itself as a significant, vibrant, and definitive tradition and field of inquiry in the discipline of political science. The field, at least as far as research and postgraduate teaching are concerned, has moved well beyond its early ‘public law’ phase of comparative institutionalism and its ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Communication

Conflict is a prevalent phenomenon of our lives (Thomas & Schmidt, 1976; Wilmot & Hocker, 2001). Conflict is “an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals” (Wilmot & Hocker, 2001, p. 41). Turning on the ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution

Conflict Resolution is a broad and fast growing academic field that needs to find its place in the world of disciplines. Although it is a relatively young focus of study, having begun to emerge as a specialized field only in the 1950s, when superpower conflict threatened the very existence of ...
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Handbook of Contemporary Families

Whenever the calendar marks a significant change, such as a new year, a new decade, or, more notably, a new century or millennium, scholars and other social commentators take stock of the recent past. Such calendar changes also sometimes lead scholars to prognosticate about what the future is likely to ...
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Encyclopedia of Counseling

Counseling is a professional activity that involves helping clients, individually or in groups, or as couples and families, deal with various career, vocational, educational, and emotional problems. From the depressed and lonely college student to the business executive at midlife experiencing decreasing levels of career satisfaction to the couple where ...
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Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the spread of anthrax through the mail, and the constant threat of new attacks have given crime and punishment a new meaning. Words and phrases such as crime scene investigation, criminal profiling, bioterrorism, behavioral forensics, surveillance abuse, toxicology, and victim rights that most ...
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21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook

Criminology has experienced tremendous growth over the last few decades, which is evident, in part, by the widespread popularity and increased enrollment in criminology and criminal justice departments at the undergraduate and graduate levels, both across the United States and internationally. An evolutionary paradigmatic shift has accompanied this criminological surge ...
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Handbook of Cultural Geography

The Handbook of Cultural Geography is one of a series of handbooks published by Sage. For Sage these books represent the ‘state of the art’ in their specific fields, and they are pitched at an audience who have a degree of familiarity with the subject, but would like to know ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum and Instruction

The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum and Instruction is the first book in 15 years to comprehensively cover the field of curriculum and instruction. Editors F. Michael Connelly, Ming Fang He, and JoAnn Phillion, along with contributors from around the world, synthesize the diverse, real-world matters that define the field. This ...
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Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies

During the past decades, much effort has been devoted to defining curriculum studies, an ever-changing academic field that at times proves amorphous and bewildering. In fact, few areas of education have so conscientiously scheduled symposia to ascertain the field's health and to suggest future directions. More than 75 presentations during ...
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Handbook of Death & Dying

Death, historically a topic of major social concern, has in recent decades become a phenomenon of even more relevance. Demographic trends portend a much-increased proportion of aged individuals in the U.S. population and an attendant increase in the number of terminal illnesses and death. Technological innovations such as organ transplants ...
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Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience

Humans are the only knowledge-accumulating animals. The history of humankind is fundamentally the history of, search for, acquisition of, and accumulation of knowledge. With accumulated knowledge, humans have been able to survive, endure, and prevail. With knowledge, they can adapt to the physical and objective world in which they live, ...
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Encyclopedia of Disability

It has become a commonplace to claim that disability is on the rise in the modern world. Such recognition arrives as we and our families age and modern medicine ensures the viability of children who, only a few decades ago, would not have lived into adulthood. Those who sound this ...
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Handbook of Disability Studies

This path-breaking international handbook of disability studies signals the emergence of a vital new area of scholarship, social policy and activism. Drawing on the insights of disability scholars around the world and the creative advice of an international editorial board, the book engages the reader in the critical issues and ...
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Encyclopedia of Distributed Learning

With the increasing acceptance of distributed education in both the public and private sectors, it seems timely to publish an Encyclopedia of Distributed Learning to capture the concepts and methods that reflect this phenomenon. We came to this project with great passion and many years of experience working within a ...
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The SAGE Handbook of E-learning Research

The SAGE Handbook of e-Learning Research provides a state-of-the-art, in-depth account of research in the rapidly expanding field of e-learning. The first of its kind, it provides reviews of over 20 areas in e-learning research by experts in the field, and provides a critical account of the best work to ...
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Handbook of Early Childhood Literacy

The last two decades have been powerful ones for the study of early childhood literacy. In many countries, much more attention is being paid to the early years than previously, as politicians recognise just how vital is this period of life. Alongside increased political interest, although largely quite independent of ...
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21st Century Economics: A Reference Handbook

As I write this preface in mid-January 2009, interest in economics is at an all-time high. Among the challenges facing the nation is an economy with unemployment rates not experienced since the Great Depression, failures of major businesses and industries, and continued dependence on oil with its wildly fluctuating price. ...
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Encyclopedia of Education Law

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) is the most important education-related case in the history of the United States, perhaps the most important decision of all time, regardless of the subject matter. With Brown providing a major impetus, the United States has undergone a myriad of educational, legal, ...
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21st Century Education: A Reference Handbook

American education is the cornerstone to the maintenance of our society—its safety, prosperity, health, and social good. More than 50 million students are enrolled in K-12 public education (U.S. Department of Education, 2007). The typical student spends approximately 1,000 hours in school every year, equating to almost 7,000 hours of ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Educational Action Research

This Handbook provides a scholarly source book, presenting and critiquing the main traditions of educational action research throughout the world. It contains chapters by well-established and respected scholars whose work has been seminal in building knowledge and expertise in the field, as well as new voices from areas less often ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Educational Leadership

The SAGE Handbook of Educational Leadership is a landmark work with contributions from 37 internationally renowned scholars covering an extensive range of issues confronting the field of educational leadership and administration. The Handbook reviews how leadership was redefined by management and organizational theory in its quest to become scientific, then ...
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Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration

The Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration was an enormous undertaking. After 2 years of work, over 260 professors, graduate students, practitioners, and association officials contributed more than 600 individual entries. The authors came from 125 universities, colleges, school districts, organizations, and associations in 36 states and several provinces of ...
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Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology

Educational psychology is a special field of endeavor because it strives to apply what is known about many different disciplines to the broad process of education. In the most general terms, you can expect to find topics in this area that fall into the categories of human learning and development ...
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Encyclopedia of Educational Reform and Dissent

Educational reform, and to a lesser extent educational dissent, occupies a prominent place in the annals of American education. Whether based on religious, cultural, social, philosophical, or pedagogical grounds, educational reform and dissent have been ever-present in our educational history. At present there exist various forms of privatization, school choice ...
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Handbook of Emotional & Behavioural Difficulties

The behaviour of children in primary and secondary schools has been a consistent source of interest and controversy since the 19th century. Some commentators suggest that the phenomenon has a far more impressive historical pedigree. As education systems in First World democracies struggle to meet changing social, economic and educational ...
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Encyclopedia of Environment and Society

Where Does The environment leave off and society begin? If the major crises and curiosities of the early 21st century are any indication, it would be foolish to attempt to demark any such boundary. When expanding production and consumption drives greenhouse gas emissions that warm the planet, which in turn ...
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Encyclopedia of Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the frequency and determinants of morbidity and mortality in populations. Besides being a discipline in its own right, the science of epidemiology is one of the foundational sciences of public health and of evidence-based medicine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that ...
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The SAGE Handbook of European Studies

The introduction to a book that calls itself a ‘Handbook of European Studies’ might be concerned with justifying its existence, explaining why European studies is important, and drawing attention to the ways in which the book illuminates the subject in an innovative way, redefines the field of study, or challenges ...
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Encyclopedia of Evaluation

The Encyclopedia of Evaluation is a who, what, where, how, and why of evaluation. Evaluation is a profession, a practice, a discipline—and it has developed and continues to develop through the ideas and work of evaluators and evaluation theorists working in real places with high hopes for social improvement. Each ...
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Handbook of Families & Poverty

The Handbook of Families and Poverty: Interdisciplinary Perspectives is intended to discuss the most recent research and issues related to this important topic for families. It is interdisciplinary in nature, beginning with a marriage and family therapist and a sociologist as the co-editors. The contributors represent a broad number of ...
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Handbook of Feminist Family Studies

Over the past three decades, feminist theory, research, and praxis have had a significant impact on the field of family studies. Feminist family scholars have generated new theories, methodologies, and practices regarding how women, men, children, youth, and older adults relate in families and society. Feminists demanded that family studies ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Gender and Communication

The SAGE Handbook of Gender and Communication is a vital resource for those seeking to explore the complex interactions of gender and communication. Editors Bonnie J. Dow and Julia T. Wood, together with an illustrious group of contributors, review and evaluate the state of the gender and communication field through ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Gender and Education

The SAGE Handbook of Gender and Education brings together leading scholars on gender and education to provide an up-to-date and broad-ranging guide to the field. It is a comprehensive overview of different theoretical positions on equity issues in schools. The contributions cover all sectors of education from early years to ...
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Encyclopedia of Gender and Society

We are continually and inescapably immersed in gender, so much so that we take it for granted without fully realizing its impact on our lives. As gender scholar Judith Lorber once remarked, talking about gender is like fish talking about water. When a child is born, the first question we ...
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Handbook of Gender and Women's Studies

Gender and women's studies is one of the most challenging fields within the social sciences – the dynamics of gender relations and the social and cultural implications of gender constructions offer a lively forum of debate. ...
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Encyclopedia of Geographic Information Science

Geographic information science is an information science focusing on the collection, modeling, management, display, and interpretation of geographic data. It is an integrative field, combining concepts, theories, and techniques from a wide range of disciplines, allowing new insights and innovative synergies for increased understanding of our world. By incorporating spatial ...
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Encyclopedia of Geography

Long misunderstood by the general public as an infantile field obsessed with drawing boundaries and memorizing capital cities, contemporary geography exhibits, in contrast, a fecund, robust, and increasingly sophisticated understanding of the world. Previously confined to the margins of academia and earning little respect, geography in the past four decades ...
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Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent

For many years, the study of giftedness, creativity, and talent was of concern to a small community of scholars in psychology and education. Now, however, the nature of intelligence, the sources of innovation, and the ways of nurturing special abilities have become topics of great interest to a wide variety ...
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Encyclopedia of Global Health

The contemporary understanding of global health is complicated and extends to all ends of the Earth and beyond. From the health effects of global warming to the implications of single nucleotide differences on disease, the factors that impact global health are extremely diverse and are changing constantly. As new scientific ...
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Handbook of Global Supply Chain Management

This book is the work of many people besides the authors, and they all deserve recognition. First, the many scholars who went before us and thought and wrote about global supply chain management provided invaluable insights for this book. In fact, the original idea for writing this book came from ...
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Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change

PLANET EARTH HAS become the concern of everyone. The activities of conservation biologists are now of interest to economists and political scientists who wish to find out whether certain environmental problems are best solved by regulations or market forces. Businesspeople, government officials, and politicians have become involved in science. ...
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Encyclopedia of Governance

The language of governance has spread rapidly in the last thirty years. It describes changes in the nature and role of the state—a shift from bureaucracy to markets and networks. It also denotes a program for global reform—addressingpoverty, genderequality, fairtrade, and sustainable environments. ...
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Green Business: An A-to-Z Guide

Over the past 40 years, there has been a dramatic transformation in the way businesses have addressed environmental issues. In response to the enactment of national legislation to control the pollution of the air, water, and land, corporations responded by cutting the most egregious end-of-the-pipe emissions and increasing attention to ...
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Green Cities: An A-to-Z Guide

In 2008 humans shifted from a mostly rural to a mostly urban habitat. Cities worldwide are expected to take in all of the growing population over the next several decades, plus additional rural migrants, so that by 2050, according to the United Nations, the number of people living in urban ...
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Green Consumerism: An A-to-Z Guide

Perhaps no change has been more evident over the last century than the growth of consumer society. Though the chronology of the emergence of consumer society is much debated, it is generally accepted that its rapid expansion has been a 20th century phenomenon. The rise of the advertising and marketing ...
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Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide

All human activities rely on transformations of energy. Energy, the ability to change a system, constitutes everything from human metabolism to how humans move about the planet. On Earth most of the energy we encounter originates from solar activity, with the exception of relatively smaller amounts of gravitational and internal ...
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Green Food: An A-to-Z Guide

Our food and agricultural systems have undergone a tremendous change in the 20th century. Less common now are the pastoral ways we have come to imagine agriculture, such as the images found on a milk carton. Agriculture and the food system have become thoroughly industrialized and increasingly globalized. A plentiful ...
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Green Politics: An A-to-Z Guide

A hallmark of the past 100 years or so is the greening of political thought and practice. Today there are green political parties, green products, and green political institutions, all of which show how our decisions to organize, consume, and contribute are infused with green politics. Green politics has grown ...
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Encyclopedia of Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

Scarcely anyone would quarrel with the assertion that humans are social animals or with the corollary assumption that, in order to understand people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, it is necessary to understand the role that groups play in human affairs. We all are members of large social categories based on ...
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Encyclopedia of Health & Aging

There are at least three major encyclopedias in the field of aging, all of them general and comprehensive. This new encyclopedia is focused more on health and, as such, is aimed at assisting researchers, students, and practitioners working in the fields of medicine, nursing, epidemiology, public health, health services, and ...
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Encyclopedia of Health and Behavior

The field of health and behavior addresses the interaction of behavioral, psychological, emotional, social, cultural, and biological factors with physical health outcomes, such as heart disease, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and chronic pain. The core philosophy of the field of health and behavior is threefold: (1) Behavioral, psychological, emotional, social, cultural, ...
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Encyclopedia of Health Care Management

What is the relevance of an Encyclopedia of Health Care Management? Why do patients, physicians, other providers, employees of health care providers, students of health care, and consumers of health care insurance need to understand the business and management issues in the health care industry? ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Health Psychology

The SAGE Handbook of Health Psychology represents a landmark work in the field, gathering together, in a single volume, contributions from an internationally renowned group of scholars. It provides a definitive, one-stop, authoritative guide to the major themes and debates in health psychology, both past and present, and should in ...
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The Health Psychology Handbook

Writing a foreword for The Health Psychology Handbook has stimulated me to look both backward and forward. Although research and practice in health and behavior has a long history, the year 2003 marks the 25th anniversary of the formalization of health psychology in the United States. It was in 1978 ...
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Encyclopedia of Health Services Research

There is a critical paradox at the very heart of modern healthcare. Today, as never before, healthcare has the ability to save lives and enhance the duration and quality of life. Advances in healthcare such as open-heart surgery, organ transplants, and test-tube babies stand at the forefront of human endeavor. ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Healthcare

Healthcare spending in the United States was over $2 trillion in 2006 and accounts for roughly 16% of gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, the health sector directly employs nearly 14 million Americans. Many of these people are among the most educated and skilled people in U.S. society. While the ...
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Handbook of Historical Sociology

What is important in historical sociology? What are the main routes of development in the subject? ...
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Encyclopedia of Homelessness

There is nothing new about homelessness. There have been homeless people for some 10,000 years—from the time when humans built their first permanent homes in the first towns of the Fertile Crescent. The historical record, novels and poems, and sacred texts tell us the stories of beggars, wandering ascetics, penniless ...
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Encyclopedia of Human Development

The field of human development focuses on the growth and development of the human being, including physical, social, psychological, and emotional development from conception through death. Under the broad umbrella of the term human development are found countless topics, many of which are explored in this encyclopedia. In addition, as ...
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Encyclopedia of Human Geography

Human geography over the past decade has undergone a conceptual and methodological renaissance that has transformed it into the most dynamic and innovative of the social sciences. Geography, especially human geography, long suffered from a negative popular reputation (particularly in the United States) as a trivial discipline with little analytical ...
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Encyclopedia of Human Relationships

Although lay people and scholars alike have been interested in human relationships since at least the beginning of recorded history, it is only in the past 3 decades, with the emergence of what has come to be called Relationship Science, that systematic attention across diverse disciplines has kindled tremendous growth ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Human Resource Management

The field of HRM continues to evolve in today’s organizations, in part due to the economic, technological, and social realities that influence the nature of business. In a global economy, a wide range of factors—that vary from global sourcing and labor arbitrage to regional trade agreements and labor standards to ...
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The Handbook of Human Resource Management Education

The Handbook of Human Resource Management Education, the first handbook written on HRM education in the United States, clears up the confusion about the nature, content, and source of human resource management expertise. Stressing the importance of effective educational requirements to prepare students to work as professionals in the HRM ...
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The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology

WE LIVE IN A TIME of enormous and pervasive change and challenge—a time of “raging chaos.” It is clear that our old ways of being and doing no longer work and that our old myths neither hold our allegiance nor hold promise for solving our problems. As Albert Einstein once ...
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Encyclopedia of Identity

There is nothing more daily, sustained, and sociopolitically charged than our identities. The incontrovertible reality is that identities are the markers by which we live. They expose how we are positioned and perceived in society. The media industry is built on the presumption that whatever is visually or aurally presented ...
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Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West

The American West is a vast landscape, larger than Western Europe and ranging across geographic variations from deserts and mountains to fertile valleys and swift rivers. This great and varied landmass became home to successive waves of immigrants who, over ten thousand years, shaped it and were shaped by it. ...
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Handbook of Implicit Cognition and Addiction

Most research on cognitive processes and drug abuse has focused on theories and methods of explicit cognition, asking people directly to introspect about the causes of their behavior. However, it may be questioned to what extent such methods reflect fundamental aspects of human cognition and motivation. In response to this ...
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Encyclopedia of Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists focus the lens of psychological science on a key aspect of human life, namely, their work lives. In general, the goals of I/O psychology are to better understand and optimize the effectiveness, health, and well-being of ...
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Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology - Volume 2

Work in the 21st century requires new understanding in organizational behaviour; how individuals interact together to get work done. This volume brings together research on essential topics such as motivation, job satisfaction, leadership, compensation, organizational justice, communication, intra- and inter-team functioning, judgement and decision-making, organizational development and change. Psychological insights ...
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Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology - Volume 1

From scientific management to human relations movement, from cottage industries to craft guilds, from the industrial age to the informational society, the issues that have dominated the field of Industrial, Work and Organizational (IWO) Psychology have changed over the years. In the 21st century, IWO Psychology is becoming a global ...
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The SAGE Handbook of International Marketing

Research in international marketing has evolved over the years, and has always reflected the climate of the time. Three major changes that have taken place in the last decade or so should be noted. First, the landscape of the global economy changed drastically in the last decade or so. The ...
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Handbook of International Relations

The beginning of a new millennium is a particularly fitting occasion for taking stock of the past achievements and present condition of International Relations (IR). However, there is an additional reason as well, and one with considerable more intellectual clout: the surprising dearth of such attempts at stocktaking within this ...
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The Handbook of International School Psychology

The Handbook of International School Psychology provides a description of the specialty of psychology devoted to the global provision of services to children and youth, their teachers, and parents. Editors Shane R. Jimerson, Thomas D. Oakland, and Peter T. Farrell have brought together prominent authors from 43 countries to provide ...
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Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence

Interpersonal violence is behavior by people that intentionally threatens, attempts, or actually inflicts harm on other people. This violence invades both the public and private spheres of our lives, many times in unexpected and frightening ways. Interpersonal violence is a problem that individuals may experience at any point during the ...
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Encyclopedia of Journalism

Daily, hourly, and moment-to-moment journalism permeates nearly everyone's life. In ways most of us take for granted, journalism shapes perceptions of local communities and the world. Whether one tunes into National Public Radio's Morning Edition or NBC's Today show, follows news events on Internet sites, or reads a daily newspaper ...
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Encyclopedia of Juvenile Justice

In recent years, much attention has been focused on the juvenile offender, perceived changes in the types and seriousness of crimes being committed by the juvenile, and a controversial variety of possible treatment interventions, such as boot camps, corporal punishments, and culturally specific programs. Stories of school shootings, violent gangs, ...
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Encyclopedia of Law & Society: American and Global Perspectives

Two aspects of scholarship about the legal systems of our day strike me as especially salient. The first is that, for the first time, there is a fair amount of genuine research on these legal systems. European scholars have for a long time talked about “legal science” (Rechtswissenschaft). The term ...
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Encyclopedia of Law and Higher Education

Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka (1954), wherein the U.S. Supreme Court initiated an era of equal educational opportunities by striking down racial segregation in public schools, certainly is the Court's most significant case on schooling. Even so, it is interesting to note that the Court's first case involving schooling ...
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Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement

Security is now and has always been the primary function of government. All societies require some form of law enforcement capability to function effectively. Throughout history, governments of all types have relied on either public police agencies or informal means to effect conformity to social norms, standards, and laws. Given ...
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Encyclopedia of Leadership

Leadership is a challenge and an opportunity facing leaders and followers in their professional and personal lives. The Encyclopedia of Leadership brings together for the first time most of what is known and what truly matters about leadership as part of the human experience. Nearly four hundred entries written by ...
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Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies

With this benchmark work, lesbian and gay studies come of age. Drawing from a rich team of global contributors, and carefully structured to elucidate the core issues in the field, theHandbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies constitutes an unparalleled resource for teaching, research, and debate. ...
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The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism

Libertarianism is a major feature of intellectual and political life as we enter the first years of the new century. It is at one and the same time a movement in politics, a recognized philosophy, and a set of distinctive policy prescriptions. As such, libertarianism, and the individuals who espouse ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Management Learning, Education and Development

I have been ‘professing’ management within universities and through executive development programs for almost half a century. I offer two observations out of this experience in support of the importance of this Handbook. The first is this: ...
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21st Century Management: A Reference Handbook

21st Century Management provides clear and useful discussion by scholars from around the world of 100 of the key issues and topics that managers are confronting in the 21st century. The structure of discourse for each issue, and important associated perspectives and research, is concisely and meaningfully presented. New technologies, ...
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Handbook of Marketing

The Handbook of Marketing presents a major retrospective and prospective overview of the field of marketing, and provides a landmark reference at a time when many of the traditional boundaries and domains within the marketing discipline have been subject to change. ...
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The Handbook of Marketing Research

The Handbook of Marketing Research: Uses, Misuses, and Future Advances comprehensively explores the approaches for delivering market insights for fact-based decision making in a market-oriented firm. Divided into four parts, the Handbook addresses (1) the different nuances of delivering insights; (2) quantitative, qualitative, and online data gathering techniques; (3) basic ...
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Handbook of Material Culture

Studies of material culture have undergone a profound transformation during the past twenty years and are now among the most dynamic and wide-ranging areas of contemporary scholarship in the human sciences. This is reflected in an impressive volume of research activity, and a flood of books, edited collections, review articles ...
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Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics

It's an interesting paradox when an important subject, which can help us make sense of our busy, everyday world, is considered very difficult to approach. Such is the case with measurement and statistics. However, this does not necessarily have to be the case, and we believe that the Encyclopedia of ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Media Studies

Media and communication research is a diverse and stimulating field of inquiry, not only in subject matter but also in purposes and methodologies. Over the past twenty years, and in step with the contemporary shift toward trans-disciplinarity, Media Studies has rapidly developed a very significant body of theory and evidence. ...
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Encyclopedia of Medical Decision Making

Healthcare decisions affect all of us, whether on a personal, professional, or societal level. We are human, as are all decision makers, and so are blessed and bound by the resources and limitations of the human mind. We cannot predict the future perfectly; we cannot arrange all positive and negative ...
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The Handbook of Mentoring at Work

A little over 20 years ago, the first seeds of mentoring research were planted in a foundational book: Mentoring at Work (Kram, 1985). More than 20 years of research and exploration in the field of mentoring have now passed, and it is time for us to step back and assess ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology

The genius of social psychology as a field has been its ability to investigate the seemingly unstudiable, complex behaviors that characterize humans as social creatures. The field has a rich history of methodological innovation with strong contributions to basic and applied research. However, it is sometimes difficult for both new ...
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SAGE Sourcebook of Modern Biomedical Devices: Business Environments

This reference work is both important and unique. Its uniqueness is that it ties together the commercial aspects of the performance of major biomedical devices available today on the global market, with the technological development of these devices that is the core of the research efforts in the field. The ...
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Encyclopedia of Motherhood

In 1976, author Adrienne Rich wrote, “We know more about the air we breathe, the seas we travel, than about the nature and meaning of motherhood.” By 1998, some 20 years after the publication of Rich's landmark Of Woman Born, many academic disciplines, from anthropology to women's studies, were engaged ...
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Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology

The study of multicultural psychology has a long and multifaceted history. The field encompasses a wide range of subdisciplines within psychology and includes a multitude of populations both within and outside of the United States. Early efforts to examine issues relevant to people of color in psychology often attempted to ...
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Encyclopedia of Murder and Violent Crime

Violence is globally pervasive and represents ethnic, racial, religious, and geopolitical disparities. History is replete with mass murders, genocides, and ethnic cleansings, all holocausts in their own right. Indeed, there are universal explanations for murder that are expressed through cultural filters. In general terms, people kill others as a result ...
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Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society

In the early years of the 21st century, nanoscience and nanotechnology have captured a fair share of attention in many quarters. Government agencies channel billions of dollars to nanoscience research and nanotechnology development in the hope of generating cures for disease, sources of clean energy, weapons of power and refinement, ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism

Nationalism has long excited debate in political, social, and cultural theory and remains a key field of enquiry among historians, anthropologists, sociologists, as well as political scientists. It is also one of the critical media issues of our time. There are, however, surprisingly few volumes that bring together the best ...
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Encyclopedia of New Media

What is new media? There is no single answer to be given. Even old media were once new, to borrow Carolyn Marvin's observation, and new media are constantly changing and evolving. In truth, the question itself is a shorthand way of asking more than one thing (one might call it ...
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The Handbook of New Media

Thoroughly revised and updated, this Student Edition of the successful Handbook of New Media has been abridged to showcase the best of the hardback edition. This Handbook sets out boundaries of new media research and scholarship and provides a definitive statement of the current state-of-the-art of the field. Covering major ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Nonverbal Communication

Putting together any Handbook is daunting. The challenge of creating an edited volume is enhanced further when the research area is interdisciplinary, as is the study of nonverbal cues. We decided that the focus should be on communication and not the entire spectrum of research concerned with nonverbal behavior. Over ...
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Encyclopedia of Obesity

IN MEDICAL TERMS, obesity is defined simply as an excess amount of adipose or fat tissue. The terms adipose and obesity both have their origins in Latin. Adipose stems from adeps, meaning fat, while obesity comes from the Latin—obesus—which, in turn, is a contraction of two Latin words, ob and ...
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International Encyclopedia of Organization Studies

Organization studies—the examination of how individuals construct organizational structures, processes, and practices and how these, in turn, shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influence people—has matured along multiple fronts. As early as the 1950s, many scholars were convinced that the new science of organizations needed only more quantification ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Discourse

An increasingly significant body of management literature is applying discursive forms of analysis to a range of organizational issues. This emerging arena of research is not only important in providing new insights into processes of organizing, it has also informed and influenced the broader fields of organizational and management studies. ...
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Handbook of Parenting

Parenting, as a process, is as old as humanity. While parenting is not rocket science, it is probably the most overwhelming and important endeavour many of us undertake in our lifetime. It would be reasonable to expect that so primordial an activity would have accumulated implicit knowledge and explicit practice ...
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Handbook of Party Politics

The Handbook is designed to: provide an invaluable survey of the major theories and approaches in this dynamic area of study and research give students and researchers a concise 'road map' to the core literatures in all the sub-fields of party related theorizing and research identify the theories, approaches and ...
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Encyclopedia of Perception

The field of perception is concerned with explaining the operation of the senses and the experiences and behaviors resulting from stimulation of the senses. The senses are vision, hearing, the cutaneous senses (touch, pain, tickle, itch), chemical senses (taste, smell, flavor), proprioception and kinesthesia (awareness of body positions and limb ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Performance Studies

The SAGE Handbook of Performance Studies brings together, in a single volume, discussions of the major research in performance studies and identifies directions for further investigation. It is the only comprehensive collection on the theories, methods, politics, and practices of performance relating to life and culture. Edited by D. Soyini ...
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The Persuasion Handbook

How individuals exercise influence via communication is a question so basic and so important that it has challenged scholars for centuries. The first Period of sustained attention to it began in Greece during the 5th century B.C. (but see McCroskey, 1997, pp. 4-5). During this Period, Corax and Tisias “composed ...
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Handbook of Physical Education

The curriculum historian Ivor Goodson (1988) has argued that school subjects and university disciplines are social constructs rather than naturally occurring phenomena. What he means by this is that fields of study would not exist but for contestation and struggle among and between vying groups and individuals over resources of ...
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Handbook of Physiological Research Methods in Health Psychology

The field of health psychology has exploded in the last decade due to progress identifying physiological mechanisms by which psychological, social, and behavioral factors can put people's health and well-being at risk. ...
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Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society

Children and adults spend a great deal of time in activities we think of as “play,” including games, sports, and hobbies. Without thinking about it very deeply, almost everyone would agree that such activities are fun, relaxing, and entertaining. However, as anthropologists, philosophers, psychologists, and other social thinkers have studied ...
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Encyclopedia of Political Communication

Political communication began with the earliest studies of democratic discourse by Aristotle and Plato. However, modern political communication relies on an interdisciplinary base that draws on concepts from communication, political science, journalism, sociology, psychology, history, rhetoric, and others. This encyclopedia considers political communication from that broad interdisciplinary perspective, encompassing the ...
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Handbook of Political Theory

This major new Handbook provides a definitive state-of-the-art review to political theory, past and present. It offers a complete guide to all the main areas and fields of political and philosophical inquiry today by the world's leading theorists. ...
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Encyclopedia of Political Theory

Politics refers to the actions and practices by which people conduct their public affairs and manage their collective lives together. Political theory is the more or less deliberate reflection on the nature of public affairs and collective decision making. It is both a science and an art—a science that aims ...
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Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and The Right

ALTHOUGH THE DISTINCTION between the politics of the left and the right is commonly assumed in the media and in treatments of political science and history, the terms are used so loosely that the student and the general reader are often confused: What exactly are the terms left and right ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Power

The concept of power is absolutely central to any understanding of society. The ubiquity of the concept can be seen by a comparative Google search. The score for ‘social power’ is 376 million hits, for ‘political power’ 194 million which compares with 334 million for ‘society’, 253 million for ‘politics’, ...
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Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities

The United States confines more people per capita than any other equivalent industrialized, democratic country. It is also one of the last remaining such nations to practice capital punishment, and one of only a handful of countries anywhere that executes juveniles. Sentences are longer in the United States than in ...
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Encyclopedia of Psychological Assessment

Psychological assessment is the discipline of scientific psychology devoted to the study of a given human subject (or group of subjects) in a specific applied field (clinical, educational, work, etc.), by means of scientific tools (tests and other measurement instruments), with the purpose of answering clients' demands that require scientific ...
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The International Handbook of Psychology

This Handbook provides a convenient way to find authoritative, up-to-date information about psychological knowledge and research obtained around the world. It is part of the program of the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) to promote knowledge of psychology and to disseminate it widely. The Handbook is written at a ...
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Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law

Psychology and law is a relatively young field of scholarship. Conceptualized broadly, the field encompasses diverse approaches to psychology. Each of the major psychological subdivisions has contributed to research on legal issues: cognitive (e.g., eyewitness testimony), developmental (e.g., children's testimony), social (e.g., jury behavior), clinical (e.g., assessment of competence), biological ...
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The Psychology Research Handbook

The first edition of The Psychology Research Handbook: A Guide for Graduate Students and Research Assistants, published in 1996, quickly established itself as a standard text and reference work for students seeking to master research methods and procedures in psychology. Now, almost a decade later, the editors, Frederick Leong and ...
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21st Century Psychology: A Reference Handbook

Although human and animal behaviors have been topics of interest to scientists and others since antiquity, historians typically date the inception of modern psychology to the mid-1800s. More specifically, they have selected 1879, the year that Wilhelm Wundt established his experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, as the ...
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Handbook of Public Administration

The publication of this volume reflects the culmination of a great deal of effort by a large number of people. The work of the authors and the section editors is obvious, but much of the work although less apparent is no less important. As editors we would like to express ...
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The Handbook of Public Affairs

It's remarkable that a working knowledge of public affairs is not required of every business school graduate. Students learn the essentials of finance, marketing, and operations management, but many don't do more than dip a toe into the waters of politics, regulation, corporate reputation, and social responsibility. ...
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Handbook of Public Policy

The public policies of governments affect the lives and livelihoods of citizens every day in every country around the world. This Handbook provides a comprehensive review and guide to the study, theory, and practice of public policy today. Section One, Making Policy, introduces the policy making process - the means ...
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Encyclopedia of Public Relations

Some may wonder why public relations is a deserving topic for the extensive analysis it receives in this encyclopedia. After all, many might think, it is “just PR.” In the view of some or even many, public relations is the art of sham, spin, buzz, sandbagging, and “being nice.” Others ...
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The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods

Qualitative research is designed to explore the human elements of a given topic, where specific methods are used to examine how individuals see and experience the world. Although qualitative research is often described in opposition to quantitative research, many scholars and practitioners are now using mixed methods and interdisciplinary approaches ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography

The early twenty-first century marks a marvelous time for qualitative geography. In concert with what some have called a ‘quiet methodological revolution’ across the social and policy sciences as well as the humanities (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005a: ix), geography is fostering an efflorescence in the prevalence and sophistication of qualitative ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Quantitative Methods in Psychology

Quantitative psychology is the study of psychological phenomena using mathematical or statistical methods. Among fields within psychology, quantitative psychology is not recognized by the general public as part of psychology, despite its relatively long history within psychology. This lack of identity is in part due to the dual character of ...
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Encyclopedia of Race and Crime

Criminology and criminal justice involve the scientific study of crime, criminals, and the criminal justice system. Interest in the problem of crime began centuries ago, and in the 18th century, after several European countries experienced social unrest, writings about crime began to appear. During the 19th century, social scientists studied ...
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Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society

The issue of race and ethnicity is critical in contemporary life. It is a key element, whether explicitly stated or not, in debates concerning governmental leadership, health care, religion, aging, the media, and public policy in general. The issue of race and ethnicity is even more explicit in areas such ...
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Handbook of Racial & Ethnic Minority Psychology

Such dynamic changes are occurring within the U.S. population that diversity in ethnic/cultural backgrounds will soon be the norm, with some states already fast reaching such changes. By the year 2030, 14.4% of the population are expected to be African American, 18.9% Hispanic, 7.0% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 1.0% Native American. ...
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Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development

In the 18th and 19th centuries, religion and spirituality were supposed to be replaced by science and reason—or so many thought. But that did not happen, and today, religion and spirituality play a major role in people's lives and in determining world affairs. So to be informed about today's world ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Remote Sensing

Although the term remote sensing is about 50 years old, having been coined in 1958 by Evelyn Pruitt, a geographer at the US Office of Naval Research (Estes and Jensen, 1998), the subject matter covered by the field of remote sensing is vast. As a methodological approach, remote sensing has ...
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Encyclopedia of Research Design

The Encyclopedia of Research Design is a collection of entries written by scholars in the field of research design, the discipline of how to plan and conduct empirical research, including the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. A simple review of the Reader's Guide shows how broad the field ...
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The SAGE Handbook for Research in Education

Both of us, the editors of the Handbook, teach courses that describe and delineate research methods—one of us introducing methods to be used in what is typically defined as a qualitative research tradition, the other teaching procedures considered more appropriately applied under a quantitative research rubric. Notwithstanding differences in our ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Research in International Education

Interest in the field of international education has never been more intense than at present. There are a rapidly increasing number of schools worldwide set up specifically to meet the demands of those parents who wish to have their sons and daughters educated in schools that offer programs based on ...
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The Handbook of Rural Studies

Until the 1970s, the domain within which contemporary social science was being practised was increasingly urban. The role of the city as political and economic hub, and the construction of the urban as ostensibly the archetypal site of cultural distinction and social deprivation, meant that rural areas were being left ...
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Encyclopedia of School Psychology

My training in school psychology emphasized that school psychologists should, first and foremost, be consultants. This is, as described by Terry Gutkin and Jane Conoley (1990), the “paradox of school psychology.” The paradox is that young school psychology trainees, who are eager to work directly with children through counseling or ...
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Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication

In the academic world, the term science communication refers both to a set of professions (such as science journalism and public information work) and to an interdisciplinary scholarly research specialization. Much of this research is aimed at improving our understanding of the best ways to communicate complex information, especially to ...
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The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences

A glossary is a specialized dictionary that provides short, core definitions related to a specific discipline or lan guage. New disciplines develop their own language, jar gon, concepts, and terms that may not be familiar to any student or scholar coming to these various fields for the first time, and ...
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Encyclopedia of the Social and Cultural Foundations of Education

This is an encyclopedia of the Social and Cultural Foundations of Education. It is intended to provide a comprehensive background for those interested in issues involving schools and society. The Social and Cultural Foundations of Education is an interdisciplinary field, including disciplines (to name just a few) such as history ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Social Geographies

The label ‘social geography' is more than a century old. As evidenced in correspondence, French geographer Élisée Reclus appears to have coined the term around 1895 (Dunbar, 1977). He wrote about it in the early drafts and final versions of his six-volume work L'Homme et la Terre (Man and the ...
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Handbook for Social Justice in Counseling Psychology

I was both delighted and humbled to be asked to write a foreword for this note worthy and timely book. This important Handbook, edited by Rebecca Toporek, Lawrence Gerstein, Nadya Fouad, Gargi Roysircar, and Tania Israel, presents a map for our field that will transform the next generation of training, ...
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Encyclopedia of Social Problems

Social problems affect everyone. Some of us encounter problems of unequal treatment and opportunity virtually every day as a result of our race, religion, gender, or low income. Others experience problems in their lives from chemical dependency, family dissolution and disorganization, technological change, or declining neighborhoods. Crime and violence affect ...
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Handbook of Social Problems

As near as I can tell, this is the first Handbook in the area of social problems since Erwin Smigel's (1971) Handbook on the Study of Social Problems. It strikes me as odd that there has been such a long hiatus between Handbooks in this area, since there are a ...
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Encyclopedia of Social Psychology

Social psychology is the study of how normal people think, feel, and act. In that sense, social psychology is at the core of all the fields that study the human experience. As one colleague (not a social psychologist) remarked to us once, social psychology is one, and perhaps the only, ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Social Psychology

In response to market demand, The SAGE Handbook of Social Psychology: Concise Student Edition represents a slimmer, more course-focused and student-friendly volume than the original Handbook. The editors and authors have also updated all references, provided chapter introductions and summaries and a new Preface outlining the benefits of using the ...
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Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods

These volumes comprise an encyclopedia of social science research methods, the first of its kind. Uniqueness explains, at least partly, why we undertook the project. It has never been done before. We also believe that such an encyclopedia is needed. What is an encyclopedia? In ancient Greek, the word signifies ...
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Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine

"The collection will offer a unique range of work, both in terms of topics and of theoretical perspectives, written by leading scholars from around the world. It will be an essential resource for teaching and research." ...
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Handbook of Social Theory

This book is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the roots, current debates and future development of social theory. It draws together a team of international scholars, and presents an authoritative and panoramic critical survey of the field. The first section, examines the classical tradition. Included here are critical ...
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Encyclopedia of Social Theory

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Encyclopedia of Social Theory. There are, of course, encyclopedias of the social sciences (among others) that have addressed some of the topics assembled here. However, because their treatment of social theory has been only part of a much broader set ...
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Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America

In the Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America, we endeavored to bring together basic information on the history of social welfare in the three major countries that constitute North America—Canada, Mexico, and the United States of America. Our intention was to provide readers with information about how these ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Social Work Research

The Sage Handbook of Social Work Research aims to provide a comprehensive account of the state of the art of social work research internationally, and in doing so to craft an intellectually original statement that will have a defining and shaping role for social work research, and thus provide an ...
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The International Handbook of Sociology

This book is the first attempt in years to provide a balanced and well-informed assessment of the state of the art of sociology in many of its most important specialized fields. A first, distinctive character of the volume is the choice to focus on specialized fields instead of general theories. ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Sociology

Sociology has evolved greatly since it's inception as an academic discipline. It has diverged into numerous strands often flowing in disparate directions - so much so that today the notion of canonical sociology has become widely disputed. The field of sociology at present approximates to one of multi-paradigmatic complexity in ...
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21st Century Sociology

Since its inception through the early decades of the twentieth century, the discipline of sociology was essentially monolithic in perspective, representing a rather narrow range of interests into social problems areas. Early sociologists were essentially generalists, and during the first 100 years of disciplinary activity, the literature of sociology expanded ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Spatial Analysis

WHAT IS SPATIAL ANALYSIS? Spatial data contain locational information as well as attribute information. That is, they are data for which some attribute is recorded at different locations and these locations are coded as part of the data. Spatial analysis is a general term to describe a technique that uses ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Special Education

To organize scholarship within the field of special education in order to produce a one-volume handbook that speaks to a broad and international professional audience is to negotiate a vast area. An account of the field is a complicated task that carries a heavy responsibility. As Roger Slee has argued, ...
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The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence

In 1956, I was a young physician in training at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. I was planning to be a psychiatrist and was also pursuing an interest in pediatrics. The clinical work was demanding—enough so that I had little time for the kind of reading I'd once enjoyed ...
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Handbook of Sports Studies

We intend this Handbook to be a ‘user-friendly’ collection that will meet the interests of a diverse set of readers from many countries. We expect that most readers will have a background in sociology but others will have backgrounds primarily in psychology, social and economic history, politics, philosophy, or the ...
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Encyclopedia of Stem Cell Research

What is a stem cell? We have a basic working definition, but the way we observe a stem cell function in a dish may not represent how it functions in a living organism. Only this is clear: Stem cells are the engine room of multicelluar organisms for both plants and ...
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Handbook of Strategy and Management

Presenting a major retrospective and prospective overview of strategy, this Handbook is an important benchmark volume for management scholars worldwide. The Handbook frames, assesses and synthesizes the work in the field. Chapters are grouped under four specific areas of strategy and management: Mapping a Terrain; Thinking and Acting Strategically; Changing ...
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Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, & Recovery

The alcohol and other drug (AOD) field occupies a unique place within the disciplines that are called "health sciences," "human sciences," or "helping professions." These disciplines (e.g., medicine, nursing, social work, psychology, public health, counseling) have long-standing and well-established scientific foundations but rely on the skills of professionals for effective ...
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Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods

Survey research is a systematic set of methods used to gather information to generate knowledge and to help make decisions. By the second half of the 20th century, surveys were being used routinely by governments, businesses, academics, politicians, the news media, those in public health professions, and numerous other decision ...
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Encyclopedia of Terrorism

Work on the Encyclopedia of Terrorism began almost one year prior to the events of September 11, 2001. At that time, there was the need for a thumbthrough type of reference work that could be consulted on the subject of terrorism. Yes, it is certainly true that for some time ...
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Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture

What is time? Did it have a beginning? Will it ever end? These are profound questions that have been asked by serious thinkers over the centuries, from early speculations among the ancient Greeks to the startling discoveries in the modern sciences. Both philosophers and theologians have offered dynamic worldviews to ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies

This is the first SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies. It has been a project in the making since we first embarked on it in Spring 2006. Our idea was to engage in cross-Atlantic collaboration that would bring academic perspectives from our respective continents into dialogue with scholars from other regions ...
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Handbook of Transnational Crime & Justice

Many students of criminology, as well as criminal justice practitioners and policy advisers, are not much interested in events beyond their immediate environments. Typically, we are interested in understanding— and sometimes combating—crimes that occur in our neighborhoods or that affect people we care about there or elsewhere. In addition— stimulated ...
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Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior

In 2004, Republican President George W. Bush won re-election to the U.S. presidency. Republicans retained control of Congress and dominated in most state elections. Yet only two years later the Republicans suffered devastating defeats in the Congressional elections, losing both Houses of Congress. Republican losses were also consequential at the ...
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Encyclopedia of United States National Security

Security is like the air we breathe. We take it for granted until there is too little of it, at which point getting enough of it is all that matters. Aside from December 7, 1941, and September 11, 2001, the United States has been blessed in that most of its ...
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Encyclopedia of Urban Studies

We live in an urban world. For the first time in human history, more than half of the world's population—some 3 billion persons—lives in urban areas. In the next two decades the number of persons living in urban areas will increase by another 2 billion persons—an amazing 60 percent increase—to ...
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Handbook of Urban Studies

The arrival of the new millennium was marked by another major milestone in the history of humankind: for the first time half, and according to some censuses slightly more than a half, of the world's population live in cities. Among the advanced economies this rapid development of cities spans some ...
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Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention

The modern interest in victimology and crime prevention in the United States can be traced to the turbulence of the 1960s, when crime and social unrest were escalating across the nation. The public's interest in the needs of women, children, the poor, and victims was an orchestrated national movement that ...
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Encyclopedia of War & American Society

This encyclopedia includes substantial essays on the wars Americans have fought, their civilian and military leaders, and their major military institutions. It goes well beyond those subjects, however, in two significant ways. First, it probes the connections between our wartime expeditions and the experiences of the larger American society. This ...
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Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime

IN THE 2000s, white-collar crime has become a topic of almost daily news. The white-collar crime that caused the bankruptcy of Enron Corporation resulted in financial losses exceeding $66 billion to stockholders, and likely helped lead to the recall of the governor of California. Massive violations of laws pertaining to ...
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Encyclopedia of Women in the American West

In 1983 the first Western Women's Conference convened in Sun Valley, Idaho, to address the omissions and absence of women in traditional western history. This conference marked the first national meeting devoted to western women's history and launched the publication of The Women's West, edited by Susan Armitage and Elizabeth ...
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Handbook of Work Stress

Questions about the causes or sources of work stress have been the subject of considerable research, as well as public fascination, for several decades. Earlier interest in this issue focused on the question of whether some jobs are simply more inherently stressful than others. Other questions that soon emerged asked ...
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Handbook for Working With Children and Youth

Reading through the manuscripts that constitute the chapters for this book causes me to reflect on what I have learned from almost three decades of experience as a researcher, educator, author, program consultant, and legal expert witness dealing with issues of resilience in the lives of children and youth. I ...
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Handbook of Workplace Diversity

Globalization and its melting pot of different nationalities, ethnicities and cultures is attracting research that is gathering in substance and theory. A dynamic new field that represents a significant focus within management and organisation studies is emerging. ...
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Handbook of Workplace Violence

In the Handbook of Workplace Violence, editors E. Kevin Kelloway, Julian Barling, and Joseph J. Hurrell Jr. bring together the contributions of leading researchers to provide summaries and unique perspectives on current theory, research, and practice relating to workplace violence. This is the most up-to-date resource available providing a comprehensive ...
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Handbook of World Families

We often speak of the family, but there are many types of families. One can look upon the term family as a very complex word, with a great variety of meanings. Families can be studied from the perspective of a society and its organization. In many countries the law uses ...
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Encyclopedia of World Poverty

THE THREE VOLUMES of the Encyclopedia of World Poverty contain some 800 original, previously unpublished articles written by over 100 independent or affiliated scholars. This encyclopedia is intended for use as an authoritative and rigorous source on poverty and related issues. It provides extensive and current information and insight into ...
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The SAGE Handbook of Writing Development

The origins of this Handbook lie in an international seminar series, Reconceptualising Writing 5–16: cross-phase and cross-disciplinary perspectives 1 that was held at the Universities of Leeds, Exeter, and London in 2003-4. The seminars were funded by the United Kingdom Economic and Social Research Council and were planned in response ...
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Handbook of Youth Mentoring

In 2002, a young man named Ean Garrett told his personal story about the role mentors had played in shaping the first 16 years of his life. He also delivered a powerful call to action, telling a packed room of corporate chieftains and influential policymakers this: ...
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